Essay on The Causes of the American Revolution - 1529 Words

The colonists of America slowly came to realize that they must break from Britain due to the growing feeling of being considered unequal to the British. They realized they had no say in government, and under the rule of Britain, they would never be able to prosper. The conditions of their rights slowly disintegrated, as the construction of parliament becomes more and more powerful and intolerable. The language used to protest british, throughout the time, leading up to the revolutionary war, were legal, and political, but the primary cause would have been economics. In the beginning, the colonist were proud to be part of the British empire. Though they had limited trade, they produced raw materials vital to England. The English would†¦show more content†¦This helped them to gain military strength and knowledge of how to fight as soldiers and to become unified. The major problem during the war was the treatment of the colonists by the British soldiers. The colonists were demoralized and looked down upon, never being able to reach a status above the rank of captain. The idea of the colonists was instead of contempt, they should be honored for the risks of their health and well being to create and secure Britain dominance. At the end of the war, the peace settlement at Paris 1763, the British had decided that the colonies should be responsible for a majority of the debt, for troops and supplies used to fight the french. The british were also alarmed with the insistence of the colonies to trade with the enemy. In London 1765, their was a shift in policy toward the Americans to have to pay a small tax, to help pay for the control of the colonies by the british. The Stamp Act in 1765, would be a result of this shift, which was called â€Å"taxation without representation† by the colonies, this would help pay for the cost of keeping a stable force of british troops in the American colonies. All authorized documents, including deeds, mortgages, newspapers, had to have a british government stamp, in order to be considered legal. Taxation without representation was resented by the colonists because it said, raising taxes without consent was illegal and that the commercialShow MoreRelatedThe Revolution : The Cause Of The American Revolution1898 Words   |  8 Pages The American Revolution was the turning point for the colonies that made up the United States today. It was the war that freed the colonists from British control. But what actually caused the American Revolution? Well, thereâ €™s no simple answer to that question. In fact, most of the causes acted as if they were dominoes. These events can be categorized in four periods of time or setting. These groups are, Salutary neglect, Mercantilism, Boston, and Unity of protests. Salutary neglect was the ideaRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1202 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history many revolutions took place, ranging from the unremarkable to a truly memorable, as the French revolution, the American Revolution, and the Bolshevik Revolution, but American revolution took place in 1775-1783. The revolution was different from other revolution because of growing tensions between residents of Great Britain’s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government because American revolution was not like the others. This revolution was not like the others becauseRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution738 Words   |  3 Pagesas the American Revolution, or the Revolutionary War. The American Revo lution was a war between the colonists of America and Great Britain and they were fighting over the independence of America from Britain. This war lasted until 1781, when the British surrendered to the Americans, As a result, America is a fully independent country and it has stayed that way since that day. There were many causes of the war, The Stamp Act, the Boston Tea Party, and Lexington and Concord. The first cause of theRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution913 Words   |  4 Pages While the american revolution was caused from taxes, it was also formed from the effects of a corrupt system of government. The effects of britains rule was a much bigger flame for the revolution then the taxes placed upon citizens. The american revolution was an event that will forever shape us as a country. It was a tough war filled with blood and brutal acts of violence, but it was also an awakening for the colonies that will later become the United States, it showed that while under a governmentRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution880 Words   |  4 Pages The American Revolution is the most important time in all of American history. This brought the birth of a new country and the treasured constitution. In the beginning, colonists were proud to be British. In the years to come, there were small occurrences that bothered the colonists and led to the Revolution. Other countries contributed to the start of a crueller British control. The French and Indian War caused King George III to introduce expensive taxes (Pavao). These taxes came about becauseRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1335 Words   |  6 Pageswere multiple causes for the American Revolution, but the most important was the violation and deprivation of rights from the American People. The American people were faced with multiple acts and taxes that violated and took away their rights. Americans were continuously being taxed after the French and Indian War by acts like the sugar act, the stamp act, the Townshend acts,the tea act, and many more(Hedtke, et al., The Ame rican Saga). Despite all the taxes being placed on the Americans and the thingsRead MoreCauses of the American Revolution953 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Thou Mr. G./ Period 1 September 14, 2012 Causes of the American Revolution The American Revolution began in 1755 as an open conflict between the thirteen colonies and Great Britain. The Treaty of Paris had ended that war in 1783, giving the colonies their own independence. There are many factors contributing to the start of the Revolution, but the war began as the way The Great Britain treated the colonies versus the way the colonies felt they should be treated. For example, the FrenchRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution886 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution began on April 19, 1775. It was the war between Great Britain and its colonies located in the New World. The colonists, as many historians put it, were like children rebelling against the motherland; however, they had many valid reasons for this revolt, including their desire for freedom and independence. My World History textbook says freedom was falsely promised when the colonists had settled (Krull 868). The more direct causes of this widely known rebellion include taxesRead MoreCaus es Of The American Revolution1344 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Revolution The causes of the American Revolution go back to the beginning of salutary neglect and the French and Indian War, as well as changes in the thinking of society. The effects of these events and other factors led to pressure within the colonies, ultimately resulting in rebellion. There were five factors to the nature of the American Revolution: The Environment, The Enlightenment, Self-Government, Economic Independence and Colonial Unity. The first factor that led to the AmericanRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution813 Words   |  4 PagesCauses Before the American Revolution, any imports from England from us had to come in ships owned by the British. Also, we could only sell tobacco and sugar to England. The British took French territory in Canada, east of the Mississippi River, and Spanish Florida which led to the American Revolution. Due to the war, Britain went in debt so, the British government placed taxes on goods so they could make more money. But that’s not all that led to the American Revolution, both the us and the French

I Have a Dream Speech by Dr. Martin L. King, Jr. - 1129 Words

Essay on the speech †I Have a Dream† by Martin L. King, Jr. August 28, 1963 was a day that will never be forgotten, in particular not by the citizens of Washington, DC. The city where the great Lincoln memorial gazes across the reflecting pool. Where Lincoln himself, recreated in stone, is looking at the visitors of the city as a president who will never leave his position. At exactly that day and exactly that spot Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his most famous speech â€Å"I Have a Dream†. Martin Luther King is known for his fight for freedom and his work in Civil Rights. The purpose of this speech is very clear; to change the American society to a place of equality. The listener of this speech is very much the American population†¦show more content†¦His use of pathos is nearly the most important one of the three appeals. The way he invoke the emotions of the audience, black as well as white, is incredible. He states: â€Å"And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.†(p.3 ll. 89-90) The American dream is a thing Americans in general are very proud of, and therefore by using the quote from above, he arouses his audience’s attention and patriotism. He also uses pathos to make the audience relate to him, make them see that he is a human being like themselves, a person with a family and a home. He does this by telling what he wants for his own kids: â€Å"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but the content of their character.†(p. 3 ll. 100-103) Finally he uses pathos in relation to God. He uses following quotation from the bible, to evoke emotion and humanity in his audience: â€Å"And the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.† (p. 4 ll. 111-112) Throughout the speech it is very easy to recognize Kings style of writing. As previously written he uses symbolism and appeals designed to capture the reader/listener. Then there is a single word he repeats more than anything else throughout the speech and that is the word justiceShow MoreRelatedThe Fight for Freedom1312 Words   |  6 Pagesworking for change since before the civil war, but mainly beyond. Some of the most prominent civil rights leaders include Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Philip Randolph, and Bayard Rustin. The two main goals of the civil rights activists being, equal rights and treatment for all races. As a result, the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was written by Martin Luther King, Jr., a man who â€Å"Led successful efforts to integrate public transportation in Montgomery, Alabama; founded the Southern ChristianRead Moreâ€Å"a Comparison of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’S ‘I Have a Dream’ Speech and ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’†.1444 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A Comparison of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s ‘I Have a Dream’ speech and ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’†. 9% Similarity Born in Atlanta Georgia in 1929, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., conceivably lived as one of the greatest social and religious leaders in a country where a group of its citizens had to endure excruciating conditions of disenfranchisement, inferiority and degradation of a second class citizenship by reasons of race, color or origin. In effort to condemn allRead MoreAnalysis of Martin Luther King ´s Speech: I Have a Dream1309 Words   |  6 Pagesworking for change since before the civil war, but mainly beyond. Some of the most prominent civil rights leaders include Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Philip Randolph, and Bayard Rustin. The two main goals of the civil rights activists being, equal rights and treatment for all races. As a result, the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was written by Martin Luther King, Jr., a man who â€Å"Led successful efforts to integrate public transportation in Montgomery, Alabama; founded the Southern ChristianRead MoreDr. Martin Luth er King Jr., A Political Icon Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals who have come variously to be called great or brilliant because they and their accomplishments have forever changed society and the world. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of those individuals. Martin Luther Kings contributions to history place him in this inimitable position. One of the great figures in the march of human history, Martin Luther King Jr., like Gandhi before him, lived by a heroic credo of non-violence. More than two decades since his death, Martin Luther King ideas; hisRead MoreInspirational People: Biography of Dr Martin Luther King Jr661 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Dr. Martin Luther King Jr Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is often viewed as a symbol of value that the society need to embrace as he led an honest and just life. He inspired individuals by his sermons, speeches and marches to lead a truthful life. This is because he followed his heart to achieve his dream of making the world a better place regardless of ones race. He went to a local public school that was segregated with a keen dedication to learning and achieve his best. He attended Morehouse collegeRead MoreEssay on The Life of Martin Luther King Jr.1244 Words   |  5 Pagesworld. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born to Alberta and Martin Luther King. Alberta Williams King was born September 13, 1904 in Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Luther King, Sr. was born December 19, 1899 in Stockbridge, Georgia. Martins dad was a pastor at the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. His mother was a school teacher. His siblings were Christine King Farris born September 11, 1927, and Alfred Daniel Williams King born Jul y 30, 1930. Martin was the middle child. Martin LutherRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.976 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. wrote numerous speeches in efforts to inspire the idea of non-violent protesting in hopes of eventually reaching racial equality. Under what conditions can a man with seemingly no connection to a local community step in and assume the mantle of leadership as a spokesman for a segment of that community’s population? In all of the speeches, one way or another, Dr. King used several different rhetorical devices in order to defend his own actions. In specific, two of his speechesRead MoreCompare And Contrast Martin Luther King And Malcolm X1075 Words   |  5 PagesRights Leaders Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X were very huge leading figures during the Civil Rights movement. Though they had many differences, they had some similarities. Both men’s fathers were preachers and both men were religious preachers themselves. Dr. King and Malcolm X were around the same age and they were both assassinated. Coincidentally, both men had the same number of children and eventually they had the same ideologies for the Civil Rights Movement. However, Dr. King and MalcolmRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Speech768 Words   |  4 Pagesthe chain of discrimination,â€Å" (King 261). During the civil rights movement Martin Luther King, Jr. had a speech about how they were treated and does not have much right like others, even they were supposed to be free long ago. During the 1960s, the group of people was treated poorly than another group of people. People who are treated unwantedly wanted a right, freedom, and change in society. Like what Martin Luther King told his audiences they were supposed to have the same right as other peopleRead MoreA Rhetorical Analysis: of I Have a Dream Essay1484 Words   |  6 PagesIn Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream speech, King makes use of an innumerable amount of rhetorical devices that augment the overall understanding and flow of the speech. King makes the audience feel an immense amount of emotion due to the outstanding use of pathos in his speech. King also generates a vast use of rhetorical devices including allusion, anaphora, and antithesis. The way that King conducted his speech adds to the comprehension and gives the effect that he wants to rise above the injustices

PPL Corporation v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue Free Essays

I chose this court case because the decision will have effects on many businesses in the United States who own foreign companies. A holding for the Commissioner of Internal Revenue may subject taxpayers in PPL’s position to double taxation. However, a holding for PPL threatens to undermine the consistency and uniformity of the U. We will write a custom essay sample on PPL Corporation v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. tax code as well as curtailing the power of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue to interpret the law. The main issue in the case is whether or not a U. S. company receives a U. S. tax credit for paying the United Kingdom’s windfall tax. Along with the issue comes the question on whether or not the courts should employ a formalistic approach that looks solely at the form of the foreign tax statue and ignores how the tax actually operates, or should employ a substance based approach that considers factors such as the practical operation and intended effect of the foreign tax. Section 901 of the Internal Revenue Code allows U. S. Corporations a tax credit for income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid to another country to avoid double taxation. This case involves the application of section 901 to a â€Å"winfall tax† (a one-time twenty three percent tax imposed by the United Kingdom on privatized companies). Petitioner PPL Corporation is an energy company in Allentown, Pennsylvania that provides electricity and natural gas to consumers in the United States and the United Kingdom. PPL Corporation owned a 25% share in South Western Electricity Board that the Government privatized in the 1980’s. In 1997, the U. K. Government imposed a windfall tax on companies based on the difference between a company’s value and the â€Å"flotation value†, or the amount at which the U. K. Government sold the company. After paying the tax, PPL then filed a tax claim with the IRS asserting PPL was eligible for a foreign tax credit under section 901 of the Internal Revenue Code. After being denied by the IRS in 2007, PPL argued that the windfall tax targets income and that the calculation of the tax involves the value of the company’s net gain. The Commissioner denied these laims however, stating that the tax is not a tax on income but rather a tax on the value of a company. The Commissioner adds that the calculation of the tax measures the ability of a company to generate income. The decision on the petition filed by PPL in the United States Tax Court was that PPL was entitled to a foreign tax credit because the windfall tax was essentially a tax on excess profits and this fell within the requirements of section 901. The Commissioner then appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. There, the decision was reversed in favor of the Commissioner holding that the windfall tax did not entitle PPL to a foreign tax credit because the tax was a tax not solely on South Western Electricity Board’s profits but instead on the difference between its profits and sale value. On July 9, 2012 PPL contested the decision of the Third Circuit and filed a writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court of the United States which was granted review on October 9, 2012. As I stated before, one of more important discussions about this particular case is what approach the courts should take when deciding. PPL argues the Supreme Court should adopt an approach that considers the actual as well as the planned function of the foreign tax, a substance based approach. PPL argues that U. S. tax laws have always looked beyond the label or name of the tax imposed by the foreign country and instead focused on how the tax operates- the substance of the tax. Furthermore, the PPL notes that the Treasury Regulations, section 901-2, suggest that a substance-based approach should be used. The Treasury Regulations state that â€Å"income† includes any income that has already been earned, is revenue based on gross receipts, or is net income. Congress intended, as shown in section 901, that in such situations, the substance of the tax trumps its form because tax law aims to reach the realities of economic transactions and dealings. The Commissioner argues that PPL’s reliance on the substance-based approach incorrectly assumes that any tax that depends on net profits is an income tax. Thus, the Commissioner rejects the substance-based approach and argues that the foreign tax paid by PPL was not an income tax and therefore does not qualify under section 901. The Commissioner argues that the substance of the U. K. windfall is the same as the form or labels that the British tax authorities have provided. The Commissioner stated that the U. K. windfall tax is a tax on the value of a company in relation to how much the U. K. government would receive for the company if it were sold. In response to PPL’s argument on double taxation, the Commissioner believes that because the windfall tax is not an income tax, PPL’s profits are not actually taxed twice. The Supreme Court’s decision in this case will determine whether a windfall tax involving gross receipts and excess profit constitutes the equivalent of a United States income tax and thus is eligible for a foreign tax credit under the Internal Revenue Code. I think PPL has a strong case against the Commissioner and I believe the Supreme Court will rule in the companies favor. I do believe that the windfall taxation on these businesses along with the U. S. taxation would mean double taxation for these companies. How to cite PPL Corporation v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Papers

Business Entrepreneur Innovative and Entrepreneurship

Question: Discuss about the Business Entrepreneur of Innovative and Entrepreneurship. Answer: About Emma and Toms Emma and Toms is an entrepreneurial business that operates in the Australian soil. The business came into formation during 2004 based on a joint effort by two friends, Emma Welsh and Tom Griffith. The company works on a culture focused on looking after the betterment of oneself and also for the fellow people both inside the organisation and the larger society. The company focuses on operating based on a tightly set customer mindset such that it aims in enhancing the level of customer satisfaction based on the production and marketing of its nutritious food drinks and smoothies(Emma and Tom's, 2013). Business Products/Services Emma and Toms focuses on generating a wide array of food products like smoothies of whole fruits, packed life bars consisting of ingredients like fruits, seeds and also nuts, refreshing drinks and sparkling fruit juices. The sparkling juice product category of Emma and Toms consist of whole fruit juices, sparkling waters, leaf extracts and natural flavour drinks. Sparking Juices produced by Emma and Toms are secured from the health point of view in being free from artificial colouring, artificial flavours and also use of citric and phosphoric acids. Further, the juices are also available in two main varieties. Similarly, different types of botanical products like rosehip, ginseng and chlorella are used for the development of smoothies. The company also produces Iced Teas and also Well Being Waters having less calories for the consumers(Emma and Tom's, 2016). Mission of Emma and Toms The mission of Emma and Toms is to focus on the development and offering of nutritious food products in the form of fruit drinks to the customers. The company also focuses on generation and sustainment of betterment for fellow Australians in terms of generating nutritious drinks and also in looking after the social betterment(Emma and Tom's, 2013). Vision of Emma and Toms The vision of Emma and Toms is to be a leading company in the smoothies and beverage segment in Australia. It aims in continually developing its relationship with its diverse group of stakeholders such that the same helps in enhancing and sustaining the market share in the Australian market. Core Values of Emma and Toms Emma and Toms core values relate to the incorporation of innovative ideas for the production of new products to capture the mindset of the Australian consumers. Further, Emma and Toms also focus on understanding and evaluating the needs of the consumer groups in that the same would contribute in the production of right quality and pattern of smoothies and beverages(Emma and Tom's, 2013). Business Model of Emma and Toms The business model of Emma and Toms is observed to encompass a large range of activities associated with the distribution of smoothies and other beverage drinks along different outlets and cafes. Further, the company also focuses on the development of exclusive outlets for establishing an effective presence in the Australian smoothies and drinks market. Emma and Toms is also observed to make use of electronic commerce in enabling consumers view and procure fruit juices and other products from any part of the world(JCurve, 2016). Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Business The aspects of innovation and entrepreneurship contribute in enhancing the level of competitive advantage for a business institution. The incorporation of innovation and entrepreneurship in business activities potentially help in the identification of new processes and ideas that contribute in the generation of new products and services. Further, the insurgence of new technology in the business institution also contributes in development of novel business strategies that in turn enhance the performance potential of the organisation in the long run. Different types of innovation strategies like open, disruptive, breakthrough, reverse and incremental are undertaken by business institutions for enhancing the current potential of the organisation. It also enhances the entrepreneurship potential of the business managers and encourages them for undertaking risks(Brooks, 2013). Innovations in Emma and Toms Emma and Toms continually focus on innovating on its product offerings to render healthy and nutritious juice products to the consumers. The food products offered by Emma and Toms are minimally processed based on the use of new technology in that the same helps in retaining and even enhancing the health and nutritional parameters. Further, use of new technologies has also helped Emma and Toms in expanding on its product assortments based on the inclusion of quenchers, sparkling fruit juices and other fruit and nut snack bars along with the regular smoothies(JCurve, 2016). The different types of technological innovations encouraged and brought about in Emma and Toms are reflected in the following illustration. (JCurve, 2016) The incorporation of Cloud technology in Emma and Toms contributes in effective integration of the different departments and systems for generating wholesome productivity. Further, the use of an effective inventory and accounting system effectively contribute in managing the day-to-day operations of the business institution and in generating needed efficiency(JCurve, 2016). Legal Challenges faced by Emma and Toms Emma and Toms focus on sustaining and enhancing the quality of life for both the internal and external people through abiding by the rules associated with health and safety. The management focuses on the sourcing of quality products from the suppliers and contractors such that the same is used for producing healthy and nourished products. The organisation works on the motto of Look After Yourself where it continually stresses on growth and well being of the people(Emma Tom Foods Pty Ltd, 2016). Marketing Challenges faced by Emma and Toms The marketing activity of Emma and Toms reflect the endeavour of the smoothies brand in positioning itself as a producer of healthy and nourished fruit drinks and other beverages in the Australian market. The company focuses on marketing its brand image through the use of television and radio advertising where advertisements of 30 second durations are generated for attracting the mindset of potential customers. Further, Emma and Toms apart from reaching the products to a larger audience based on the use of exclusive stores also focuses on the enhanced use of stores and other outlets for helping the customers earn greater accessibility(Niesche, 2012). Emma and Toms also focus on social marketing activities where the owners Emma Welsh and Tom Griffith focus largely on donating funds for charitable purposes and even in distribution of free samples of smoothies and juices for different events and occasions. The same contributes in largely socialising the brand image and name of the company in the larger Australian market(Emma and Tom's, 2013). Sources of Capital used during Development The initial product development at Emma and Toms was carried out based on the use of ownership funding provided by the owners Emma Welsh and Tom Griffith by around $500,000. Moreover, the price structure decided by the owners at around $3.50 and well accepted by the different cafeterias and stores further helped the company in earning increased funds in the long run for supporting its further product development activities. Further, the continual growth of turnover and positive cash-flows for Emma and Toms increasingly contributed in funding product development and innovative activities in the organisation(Milman, 2011). Testing and Implementation of the Innovation Emma and Toms continually focuses on testing and implementing new and innovative fruit juices, smoothies and other products that are observed to be 50 percent organic in nature. The company also does not use artificial sweeteners. Rather, Emma and Toms focus on use of Stevia leaf for development of fruit juices. The use of the above ingredients contributes in reducing the amount of calories for every bottle of fruit juice produced by the company(The Big Man's World, 2013). Business Opportunities explored and responded Emma and Toms focuses on exploring new business opportunities in the form of developing an online and wholesale platform for reaching the fruit juice products and smoothies to a wider range of customers at discounted prices. The use of online sales platform rightly helps the customers in easily accessing and viewing a wide range of products before making actual purchases at discounted prices. Chain of Innovations Emma and Toms continually focus on innovating different types of juices, smoothies and other types of beverage drinks from organic raw materials spirulina, ginseng and other types of organic products. The whole fruit drinks and prepared based on pasteurising and freezing of whole fruits so as to retain the flavour and goodness of the fruit. No preservatives, artificial colours and flavours are added to the products(AIME, 2016). Impact of Invention on Success of Emma and Toms The continual focus on product and process innovation at Emma and John is observed to potentially help in fuelling revenue growth of around 30 percent on a year-to-year basis along the periods ranging from 2013 to 2015. The same is reflected in the following illustration. (JCurve, 2016) The year-to-year growth of 30 percent is observed to potentially help the company in developing new products and also in countering the complexities associated with the generation of new product offerings. Further, the zero level lag in the production operations has further helped Emma and Toms in achieving greater efficiency and productivity in its business operations(JCurve, 2016). Influence of Invention on Stakeholders Impact on Employees Innovation and growth in Emma and Toms largely contributed in the personal growth and development of its employees. The company focuses on continually rewarding and encouraging the employees both from the financial and non-financial perspective such that the same enhances their potential in generating greater returns and productivity in the long run. Impact on Business Partners The focus on continuous innovation regarding the development of new fruit drinks and other smoothies is observed to require the company for developing effective partnership with other stakeholders like people involved in producing and sourcing of raw materials and also with the partners involved in bottling, labelling and packaging activities. The continual demand for such quality fruit drinks and beverages produced by Emma and Toms requires increased cooperation and activity on the part of its business partners to continually serve the needs of the organisation(Brett, 2011). Impact on Competitors The closest competitor of Emma and Toms is identified to be Nudie. The company also produces fruit drinks along with coconut water and other veggie drinks with also soda for its consumers(Nudie, n.d.). The company also generates separate drinks for the kid consumers. The above information shows the impact of Emma and Toms in encouraging its competitor to continually innovate and generate new product offerings to its customers. The owners of Emma and Toms however rightly understand that their endeavour to continually innovate and generate new product offerings in the market would enable them to sustain a larger market share in the smoothies market of Australia(National Australia Bank Limited, n.d.). Impact on Community Emma and Toms increasingly focus on generation of large amount of charities relating to the development of community and social activities in the Australian region. Considerable amount of funding is made for supporting various social causes and also focus on the distribution of free samples of juice products and smoothies to the different members of the diverse social communities. Use of organic products in the generation of smoothies and fruit drinks also help in enhancing the quality of life for the people in the society(Emma and Tom's, 2013). Impact on Environment Emma and Toms focuses on the use of organic products for the development of the fruit juice, smoothies and other types of beverages, sparkling waters and bars for the customers. The use of different types of organic products for the production of fruit drinks and beverages reflect the organisations respect to the natural environment. Further, Emma and Toms also focus on the use of recyclable plastics for the production of the bottles to market smoothies and other drinks and beverages. Use of recyclable plastics also increasingly shows Emma and Toms concern for the natural environment. The company claims of producing the bottles from 100 percent recyclable plastics(PackingNews.com, 2013). Impact on Shareholders The increased returns on a year-to-year basis for Emma and Toms from 2013 to 2015 are taken to help in generation of enhanced bonus for the shareholders. Increased returns generated to the shareholders contribute in increasing their loyalty towards the organisation. Comparison of Rating of Entrepreneurship and Innovative thinking In terms of entrepreneurship and innovative thinking, Nudie is observed to surpass Emma and Toms owing to the production of newer products like vegetable drinks, sodas, coconut water and also a segment dedicated for children. The above activity has helped Nudie to create a niche consumer segment pertaining to the children groups. Emma and Toms however have also focused on innovative thinking related to the production of bars and also owing to the development of beverages along with a range of smoothies. The management of Emma and Toms focuses on effectively countering the challenge imposed by Nudie based on personally reaching the juice products to the different stores and other outlets such that the same contributes in developing an effective relationship with the client base(Wilkinson, 2011). Conclusions The analysis reflects that Emma and Toms is an entrepreneurial organisation being established by Emma Welsh and Tom Griffith. Emma and Toms has developed an innovation driven work culture where different types of organic drinks are produced by the business institution that help in potentially competing with other fruit drink and beverage companies operating in the Australian region. The analysis also reflects on the essential endeavours undertaken by Emma and Toms to counter the marketing and legal challenges while also evaluates the impact of the innovative work culture on the stakeholders of the organisation. References AIME, 2016. Emma Tom. [Online] Available at: https://www.aime.com.au/en/Contributors/1382640/Emma-Tom [Accessed 4 July 2016]. Brett, L., 2011. Emma Toms, a juiced up business idea. [Online] Available at: https://www.dynamicbusiness.com.au/small-business-resources/franchising/emma-toms-a-juiced-up-business-idea-292011.html [Accessed 4 July 2016]. Brooks, C., 2013. Innovation: Key to Successful Business. [Online] Available at: https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/5167-innovation.html [Accessed 4 July 2016]. Emma Tom Foods Pty Ltd, 2016. Emma Toms Health and Safety Policy Statement. [Online] Available at: https://www.emmaandtom.com/emma-toms-health-and-safety-policy-statement/ [Accessed 4 July 2016]. Emma and Tom's, 2013. About Us. [Online] Available at: https://www.emmaandtom.com/about-us/ [Accessed 4 July 2016]. Emma and Tom's, 2013. Emma and Tom's-Look After Yourself. [Online] Available at: https://www.emmaandtom.com/pdf/media.pdf [Accessed 4 July 2016]. Emma and Tom's, 2016. Our Products. [Online] Available at: https://www.emmaandtom.com/products1/ [Accessed 4 July 2016]. JCurve, 2016. JCurve powers growth in Emma and Tom's. [Online] Available at: https://www.jcurve.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/JCurve_CaseStudy_EmmaTom.pdf [Accessed 4 July 2016]. Milman, O., 2011. Lessons from my first year in business. [Online] Available at: https://www.startupsmart.com.au/advice/business-planning/lessons-from-my-first-year-in-business/ [Accessed 4 July 2016]. National Australia Bank Limited, n.d. Kochie's Business Builders: Emma and Tom's. [Online] Available at: https://www.nab.com.au/business/small-business/expanding-locally-and-globally/kochies-business-builders-emma-toms [Accessed 4 July 2016]. Niesche, C., 2012. Brand builders: three well-known companies reveal their secrets. [Online] Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/momentum/brand-builders-three-wellknown-companies-reveal-their-secrets-20121004-271hc.html [Accessed 4 July 2016]. Nudie, n.d. Our Products. [Online] Available at: https://www.nudie.com.au/ [Accessed 4 July 2016]. PackingNews.com, 2013. Emma Tom's is early mover in recyclable rPET. [Online] Available at: https://www.packagingnews.com.au/news/emma-and-tom-s-juices-adopt-recyclable-rpet [Accessed 4 July 2016]. The Big Man's World, 2013. Product Review- Emma and Toms. [Online] Available at: https://thebigmansworld.com/2013/09/17/product-review-emma-and-toms/ [Accessed 4 July 2016]. Wilkinson, B., 2011. Australias answer to Innocent Smoothies, Emma Toms fruit juice success story at Hive Melbourne! [Online] Available at: https://techfluff.tv/2011/02/14/australias-answer-to-innocent-smoothies-emma-toms-fruit-juice-success-story-at-hive-melbourne/ [Accessed 4 July 2016].

Birth Control Issues free essay sample

In 1873 Congress passed an â€Å"antiobscenity law† that considered birth control as explicit and banned its distribution (London). Margaret Sanger opened America’s first family-planning clinic in Brooklyn in 1916, but was closed after 10 days of opening. In 1921, Margaret Sanger founded the American Birth Control League, which is now known as the Planned Parenthood Federation of America (London). In 1938, a judge lifted the federal obscenity ban on birth control but contraceptives still remained illegal in many states. In 1954, the first human pill trial was held on 50 women in Massachusetts. In 1960, a huge step happened. The FDA approved â€Å"Enovid† as a birth control pill. Nearly half of a million Americans were already using this pill for â€Å"therapeutic purposes† (London). In 1980, the pill really took off. Nearly 10. 5 million of American women were taking the pill. In 2010, a study of 46,000 women over 40 years of being on the Pill showed that they are more likely to live longer and less likely to die prematurely of all causes (London). We will write a custom essay sample on Birth Control Issues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to an article on Gutmacher. com, over 99 percent of women use a contraceptive or a birth control method today (Contraceptive Use in the US). There are many different methods. Barrier methods consist of the contraceptive sponge, cervical cap, female and male condoms. Hormonal methods consist of oral contraceptives (the most common), the patch, shots, and vaginal rings. Implantable devices consist of implantable rods and intrauterine devices. Sterilization implants and surgical sterilization is a form of permanent birth control (Johnson). Lastly, there is emergency contraception, which is the â€Å"morning after pill,† or more well known as Plan B. This pill is used to prevent pregnancy up to 5 days after unprotected sex. According to Planned Parenthood, there have been no reports of serious complications with the Plan B pill. Planned Parenthood also states that the Plan B pill is 85 percent effective (Johnson). The main controversy with the Plan B pill is that it could be considered abortion. The fact that Plan B is offered in stores, it is creating questions on whether birth control should be offered on the shelf. Next are the social aspects of the birth control pill (Granzow). Birth control is extremely popular in America today. Many women view birth control as â€Å"sexual freedom. Men would use condoms and women were always afraid it would result in a pregnancy. Now, women are in the same playing field as men are with not being afraid as often (Gordon). Birth control has gone from being something rarely talking about to a casual subject now. This leads into women speaking freely about their sexual life. Casually, women have changed their social lives into a more intense conversation with adding in sex and birth control (Gordon). Another part of the social aspects of birth control is sex education in schools. Many high schools provide sexual education that educates kids on sex and encourages the use of abstinence until marriage, rather than birth control. Colleges offer many different types of sexual education. Point Park University offers Health Fairs and â€Å"The Condom Carnival,† to educate students and give out free condoms to protect students from pregnancy and STD’s (Lindberg). The only problem with education in high schools is that most high schools are still using the â€Å"old-fashioned† way of educating students of abstinence. A study preformed by the National Survey of Family growth in 2002 stated that nearly 95 percent of people have had premarital sex (Jayson). According to â€Å"Changes in Formal Sex Education: 1995-2002† by Laura Duberstein, 81 percent of males and 87 percent of females received formal education on birth control in 1995 and only around 66 percent of males and 70 percent in 2006. The concerns of this are that many teenagers might receive the information too late, after they are already having sex (Contraceptive Use in the US). This number is surely dropping as students go through high school. Most students are not even being formally educated on birth control or abstinence anymore. Sex Education in high schools must get better in order to keep teenagers safe. For schools to focus on keeping teenagers safe they must education students on contraceptives and birth control methods instead of abstinence (Jayson). Abstinence is almost an ancient term to high school students nowadays since that 95 percent of people preform premarital sex. Instead of raising abstinence on the high horse, the use of these contraceptives and birth control methods must be used in educating teens (Lindberg). One big step on getting the word out of contraceptives is â€Å"World Contraception Day. † This is held on September 26th and raises awareness of contraception. Another huge aspect of birth control is the government views on it. Today, Obama’s administration decided to require health insurers to cover the FDA-approved contraceptives fully. The government is making birth control extremely affordable and sometimes even free for all women. This could be viewed as good and bad to people, depending on their views. Approximately 8 out of 10 democrats support requiring birth control coverage and only 4 out of 10 republicans do (Jayson). Many generic birth controls are now free to women and some have a very low charge per month. This is making birth control extremely available and affordable for teenagers. A recent accommodation that the Obama Administration announced in February stated that religious nonprofits provide health insurance that covers birth control. This new health care law states that most employers must offer health insurance that contains artificial contraception and sterilization as a free preventive. Since this announcement over 40 lawsuits were filed by religious nonprofit organizations that argued it violated their religious beliefs (Johnson). Many churches are against this law because they don’t support sex before marriage. They don’t care whether the sex is safe or if birth control is used, they just don’t support sex before marriage. A huge aspect of social change in birth control is how people talk about birth control now. In the early 2000’s, it was almost something that people were shy on talking about. You can walk into a classroom today and teens will talk very openly about their birth control and not be afraid of being made fun of. There are many commercials shown daily on the television that get the word out even more. People are so used to hearing about it, that it isn’t a big subject of privacy anymore. One thing that may people wonder about birth control is, is it bad for you? When taking the birth control pill, many good things and some bad side effects could happen (Johnson). There are always side effects with every time of medication you take. The main side effects of birth control pills are nausea, weight gain, cramping, lighter periods and mood changes. None of these effects are normally severe, a doctor may change the type of birth control if the woman is experiencing severe side effects (Johnson). Most importantly, the pill is good for many things. The pill can help reduce acne by decreasing the levels of testosterone. Birth control can also ease hormonal swings and mood swings. This happens because birth control pills normally supply your body with a constant level of estrogen levels and progesterone hormones. Birth control pills normally help to make periods less heavy and painful by reducing cramps and also less endometrial lining. Lastly, studies show that the birth control pill can drastically reduce the lifetime risk of getting ovarian cancer. Harvard Medical School Researchers stated that in a study they found that 10 out of 12 percent of females had a decreased risk in one year and 50 percent after 5 years of use (Johnson). Birth control pills can make a woman’s â€Å"time of the month† a lot easier to deal with. While on birth control, skin is found to be clearer and menstrual cramps are reduced. When thinking about birth control, it makes sense that fewer women are getting pregnant but there is always a risk when they misuse the pill or don’t take it regularly (Johnson). All in all, birth control is viewed as very good for women to have the use of. Whether you look at the social or government aspects of birth control, most views are looking on birth control positively. Within this paper, the history of birth control is discussed, social aspects of birth control are discussed, government aspects are discussed, and the health views are discussed. Birth control methods will continue to grow and more women will use it. Works Cited Contraceptive Use in the US.   Guttmacher Institute. Guttmacher Institute , 01 Jul 2012. Web. 10 Apr 2013. Gordon, Linda. Citizenship And The Right To Birth Control. Dissent (00123846) 59. 4 (2012): 60-64. Academic Search Complete. Web. 30 Mar. 2013. Granzow, Kara. De-Constructing ‘Choice’: The Social Imperative And Womens Use Of The Birth Control Pill. Culture, Health amp; Sexuality 9. 1 (2007): 43-54. Academic Search Complete. Web. 30 Mar. 2013. Jayson, Sharon. Most Americans have had premarital sex, study finds.   USA Today. USA Today, 19 Dec 2006. Web. 10 Apr 2013. lt;http://usatoday30. usatoday. com/news/health/2006-12-19-premarital-sex_x. htmgt;. Johnson, Kimball. Birth Control Pills.   WebMD. WebMD, 23 Jun 2012. Web. 10 Apr 2013. lt;http://www. webmd. com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-pills? page=3gt;. Kearney, Melissa, and Phillip Levine. Why is the Teen Birth Rate in th e United States So High and Why Does It Matter?.   Journal of Economic Perspectives. 26. 2 (2012): 141-166. Web. 25 March 2013. lt;http://www. jstor. org/stable/41495308 gt;. Lindberg , Laura. Changes in Formal Education: 1995-2002.   Guttmacher Institute. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 1 Dec 2006. Web. 10 Apr 2013. lt;http://www. guttmacher. org/pubs/journals/3818206. htmlgt;. London, Kathleen. Diss. Yale University, 2003. Web. lt;http://www. yale. edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1982/6/82. 06. 03. x. htmlgt;. Poorebrahim Mehdi. â€Å"Comparison Of Complications And Marital Satisfaction In Women Taking Contraceptive Ampoules Of Cyclofem And Id Contraceptive Pills. Healthmed 6. 8 (2012): 2689-2693. Academic Search Complete. Web. 30 Mar. 2013. ’

Analytical Characterization of Fatty Acids Essay Example

Analytical Characterization of Fatty Acids Essay Example Analytical Characterization of Fatty Acids Essay Analytical Characterization of Fatty Acids Essay 2 Besides its familiarity for toxicity and poisoning,3 it has uses for a number of diseases like asthma, muscle spasm, whooping cough, skin ulcer, hemorrhoids, anti-rheumatic etc. Its oil based preparation is used for healing of all types of wounds in Ayurveda and Siddha practice of medicine since long ago. 4 Datura species produces a number of small seeds encapsulated in an apple like fruit capsule; hence the name â€Å"thornapple† is based on this fact. The most common and medicinally important tropane alkaloids such as hyoscyamine, atropine nd scopolamine have been isolated from Datura species. Clarification of the dual effect of this plant requires extensive research for the exploration of chemistry and pharmacology of the plant under investigation. The present work is a part of these investigations focusing on the determination of fatty acids in oil extracted from Datura seeds. Due to biological importance5,6 fatty acids have gained importance in food nutrition evaluation 7-10 and in the diagnosis of certain diseases and pharmacology. 1 Fatty acids with unsaturation, either monounsaturated or polyunsaturated, have been used in lowering the risks of heart disease, against inflammation and in enhancing the immunity or immune system. 12-17 A number of analytical techniques have been applied for the determination of fatty acids. These include: enzymatic, spectrophotometric, HPLC18-20 and gas chromatography (GC). 21-23 GC-MS is the method of choice for the analysis of fatty acids due to various reasons like speed, resolutions and sensitivity. 4,25 From the literature it appears that most of the research work performed is the determination of alkaloids which are main constituents of this genus. No remarkable work has been carried out for the determination of fatty acids in Datura alba seed oil which is needed in order to explore its pharmacological importance. 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 summarizes the results obtained from the GCMS analysis showing the relative concentration of individual esterified fatty acids based on the external standard method and the standard deviation values among the three results in each case. Analyses were performed three times and the values of area and concentration in Table 1 are the average of three measurement results. Quantification of FAMEs was performed using three points calibration curve * Corresponding author. Tel: 0092-91-9216240-43; Fax: 0043-512-5072767; E-mail: [emailprotected] com Fatty Acids in Datura alba Seed Oil by GC-MS J. Chin. Chem. Soc. , Vol. 58, No. 2, 2011 237 Table 1. Quantification results of fatty acid methyl esters # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Name C6:0; Hexanoic acid, methyl ester C8:0; Caprylic acid, methyl ester C10:0; Capric acid, methyl ester C12:0; Lauric acid, methyl ester C14:0; Myristic acid, methyl ester C15:0; Pentadecanoic acid, methyl ester C16:0; Palmitic acid, methyl ester C16:1c; Palmitoleic acid, methyl ester C17:0; Margaric acid, methyl ester C18:0; Stearic acid, methyl ester C18:1c; Oleic acid, methyl ester C18:1n8T; Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester C18:2c; Linoleic acid, methyl ester C20:0; Arachidic acid, methyl ester C20:2; Eicosadienoic acid, methyl ester Retention time (min. ) 3. 060 4. 957 6. 796 8. 552 11. 000 12. 670 14. 692 15. 213 16. 985 19. 704 20. 266 20. 433 21. 912 27. 306 29. 756 AreaO 19654 11442 3454 2928 39973 2407 2674581 8191 13220 427823 816146 86541 1554375 30982 22200 Conc. (%)O 0. 16 0. 11 0. 02 0. 1 0. 18 0. 01 6. 59 0. 21 0. 09 1. 35 5. 41 0. 92 16. 22 0. 22 0. 65 Std. Dev. * 0. 002 0. 003 0 . 002 0. 003 0. 010 0. 003 0. 020 0. 002 0. 003 0. 010 0. 003 0. 004 0. 002 0. 004 0. 005 * Standard deviation values for the three measurement results; O Average of three measurement results. with R2 value less than 0. 99 (R2 0. 99) in each case. Fig. 1 shows the GC-MS chromatogram obtained from fatty acid standard mixture of 37 components while Fig. 2 is the GCMS chromatogram of Datura alba seed oil with properly labeled signals of analytes detected. Both the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were found in the sample under investigations. Linoleic acid was found in highest concentration which is necessary for the maintenance of growth. It has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of cyclooxiginase-2 (COX-2) catalyzed prostaglandin biosynthesis. 29,30 Among the other fatty acids with concentrations more than 1% are: Palmitic acid (6. 59%), Oleic acid (5. 41%) and Stearic acid (1. 35%) were found. Amount of rest of the fatty acids were less than 1% (Table 1). From the results it is clear that Datura alba seeds, besides its toxicity, can also be used in various pharmaceutical products as it contains different bioactive compounds like fatty acids. The method applied is a reliable method of analyzing imultaneously many fatty acid components in a single run. 3. EXPERIMENTAL 3. 1. Chemicals and reagents Boron triflouride solution in methanol (10%) was purchased from Fluka Chemie (Buchs, Switzerland). Sodium hydroxide solution (methanolic; 0. 5 N) and sodium chloride (analytical grade) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germa ny) while methanol (HPLC grade), n-hexane (HPLC grade) were from Fischer Scientific (Leicestershire, UK). Helium gas (99. 9999%) from Pak gas (United Arab Emirates) was procured. Tridecanoic acid methyl ester and Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) 37 components standard mix were obtained from AccuStandard (Newhaven, Connecticut USA). These 37 components are: methyl ester of hexanoic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, undecanoic acid, lauric acid, tridecanoic acid, myristic acid, myristoleic acid, pentadecanoic acid, pentdecenoic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, margaric acid, heptadecenoic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, octadecenoic acid, linoleic acid, octadecadienoic acid, g-linolenic acid, linolenic acid, arachidic acid, eicosenoic acid, eicosadienoic acid, 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid, heneicosanoic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, behenic acid, eruccic acid, docosadienoic acid (C22:2), tricosanoic acid, tetracosanoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and tetracosenoic acid. Deionized water was used through out the experimental work. 3. 2. Preparation of standard Internal standard was prepared by dissolving 13. 7 mg of tridecanoic acid methyl ester in 1 mL hexane. External standard was prepared by diluting 10 mg of 37 component FAMEs mix standard to 10 mL with di chloromethane. From this solution further working standard solutions were prepared. 238 J. Chin. Chem. Soc. , Vol. 58, No. 2, 2011 Qureshi et al. Fig. 1. GC-MS chromatogram of 37 components standard. Chromatographic conditions: inj. vol. : 1  µL, carrier gas: Helium, column: TRB-FFAP capillary column (length; 30 m, i. d. ; 0. 35 mm, thickness; 0. 50  µm, treated with polyethylene glycol), MS scanning: 85-380 m/z. 3. 3. Extraction of oil and preparation of FAMEs About 100 g powdered seed material was extracted with 250 mL n-hexane26 for six hours through soxhlet extraction apparatus. The extract was concentrated by recovering the solvent using rotary evaporator. Fatty acids are polar compounds and are not volatile. For gas chromatographic analysis it is necessary that the sample to be analyzed must be volatile. In order to make fatty acids present in the oil volatile, derivatizaion is performed prior to GC-MS analysis. Methylation is the most general method of converting non-vola tile fatty acids into volatile fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs). 7 Methylation of fatty acids was performed with BF3-methanol as derivatizing reagent, which is the most accepted procedure for converting fatty acids into FAMEs. 23 Derivatization was performed according to the AOAC standard reference method. 28 To a known amount of sample (equivalent to 25 mg fat) was added 0. 1 mL internal standard (1. 37 mg) and 1. 5 mL of sodium hydroxide solution in methanol (0. 5 N), sealed and heated in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. The hydrolyzed sample was cooled and added 2. 5 mL of boron triflouride solution in methanol (10%). The solution was then sealed and heated in boiling water bath for 30 minutes and cooled. To the esterified solution was added 5 mL saturated sodium chloride solution and extracted twice with 1 mL hexane. The hexane extract was filtered through 0. 45 mm membrane filter and injected 1 ml to GCMS using auto injector system. 3. 4. Chromatographic separation of FAMEs A gas chromatograph from Shimadzu hyphenated to a mass spectrometer QP 2010 plus (Tokyo, Japan) equipped with an auto-sampler (AOC-20S) and auto-injector (AOC20i) was used. Helium was used as carrier gas. All chromatographic separations were performed on a capillary column (TRB-FFAP; Technokroma) having specifications: length; 30 m, i. d. ; 0. 35 mm, thickness; 0. 250  µm, treated Fatty Acids in Datura alba Seed Oil by GC-MS J. Chin. Chem. Soc. , Vol. 58, No. 2, 2011 239 Fig. 2. GC-MS chromatogram of Datura alba seed oil. Chromatographic conditions: as in Fig. 1. with polyethylene glycol. Other GC-MS conditions are: ion source temperature (EI); 250  °C, interface temperature; 240  °C, pressure; 100 KPa, solvent cut time; 1. 8 min. 1  µL of sample and standard were injected into the GC column. Injector was operated in a split mode with a split ratio 1:50. Injection temperature was 240  °C. The column temperature program started at 50  °C for 1 min and changed to 150  °C at the rate of 15  °C/min. The temperature was raised to 175  °C at the rate of 2. 5  °C/min and hold for 5 minutes. Then the temperature was increased to 220  °C at the rate of 2. 5  °C/min and kept constant for 3 minutes. Total elution time was 43 minutes. MS scanning was performed from m/z 85 to m/z 380. GC-MS solutions software provided by the supplier was used to control the system and to acquire the data. Identification of the compounds was carried out by comparing the mass spectra obtained with those of standard mass spectra from the NIST library (NIST 05). REFERENCES 1. Nadkarni, K. M. Dr. KM Nadkarni’s Indian Materia Medica; Popular Prakashan: Bombay, 1994. 2. Kuganathan, N. ; Saminathan, S. ; Muttukrishna, S. Internet J. Toxicol. 2008, 5(2). 3. Steenkamp, P. A. ; Harding, N. M. ; Heerden, F. R. v. ; Wyk, B. E. v. Forensic Sci. Int. 2004, 145, 31-39. 4. Priya, K. S. Gnanamani, A. ; Radhakrishnan, N. ; Babu, M. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2002, 83, 193-199. 5. Wallace, F. A. ; Neely, S. J. ; Miles, E. A. ; Calder, P. C. Immunol. Cell. Biol. 2000, 78, 40-48. 6. Cherif, S. ; Frikha, F. ; Gargouri, Y. ; Miled, N. Food Chem. 2008, 111, 930-933. 7. Tomaino, R. M. ; Parker, J. D. ; Larick, D. K. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 3993-3998. 8. Skonberg, D. I. ; Perkins, B. L. Food Chem. 2002, 77, 401-404. 9. Martin, C. A. ; Carapelli, R. ; Visantainer, J. V. ; Matsushita, M. ; de Souza, N. E. Food Chem. 2005, 93, 445-448. 10. Philip, C. C. Prostaglandins, Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 2008, 79, 101-108. 11. Stoddart, L. A. Smith, N. J. ; Milligan, G. Pharmacol. Rev. 2008, 60, 405-417. 12. Calder, P. Lipids 1999, 34, S137-S140. 240 J. Chin. Chem. Soc. , Vol. 58, No. 2, 2011 Qureshi et al. 13. Hamberg, M. ; Hamberg, G. Phytochemistry 1996, 42, 729-732. 14. Hargrove, R. L. ; Etherton, T. D. ; Pearson, T. A. ; Harrison, E. H. ; Kris-Etherton, P. M. J. Nutr. 2001, 131, 1758-1763. 15. Yaqoob, P. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 56, 9. 16. Villa, B. ; Calabresi, L. ; Chiesa, G. ; Rise, P. ; Galli, C. ; Sirtori, C. R. Pharmacol. Res. 2002, 45, 475-478. 17. Siscovick, D. S. ; Raghunathan, T. E. ; King, I. ; Weinmann, S. ; Wicklund, K. G. ; Albright, J. ; Bovbjerg, V. ; Arbogast, P. Smith, H. ; Kushi, L. H. ; Cobb, L. A. ; Copass, M. K. ; Psaty, B. M. ; Lemaitre, R. ; Retzlaff, B. ; Childs, M. ; Knopp, R. H. JAMA 1995, 274, 1363-1367. 18. Bailey, A. L. ; Southon, S. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 415-419. 19. Zhao, J. ; Li, S. P. ; Yang, F. Q. ; Li, P. ; Wang, Y. T. J. Chromatogr. , A 2006, 1108, 188-194. 20. Romanowicz, L. ; Galewska, Z. ; Gogiel, T. ; Jaworski, S. ; Sobolewski, K. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 2008, 70, 973-977. 21. Yue, X. -F. ; Zhang, Y. -N. ; Zhang, J. ; Zhang, Z. -Q. Anal. Methods 2010, 2, 668-672. 22. Rosenfeld, J. M. Anal. Chim. Acta 2002, 465, 93-100. 23. Shantha, N. C. ; Napolitano, G. E. J. Chromatogr. A 1992, 624, 37-51. 24. Destaillats, F. ; Cruz-Hernandez, C. J. Chromatogr. , A 2007, 1169, 175-178. 25. Yi, L. ; He, J. ; Liang, Y. ; Yuan, D. ; Gao, H. ; Zhou, H. Chem. Phys. Lipids 2007, 150, 204-216. 26. Anwar, F. ; Bhanger, M. I. ; Nasir, M. K. A. ; Ismail, S. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 4210-4214. 27. Dron, J. ; Linke, R. ; Rosenberg, E. ; Schrei ner, M. J. Chromatogr. , A 2004, 1047, 111-116. 28. AOAC 991. 39, 17th ed. ; Chapet 41, p 26, 2000. 29. Ringbom, T. ; Huss, U. ; Stenholm, A. ; Flock, S. ; Skattebol, L. ; Perera, P. ; Bohlin, L. J. Nat. Prod. 2001, 64, 745-749. 30. Badoni, R. ; Semwal, D. K. ; Rawat, U. J. Sci. Res. 2010, 2, 397-402.

Vision Statement Comparison Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Vision Statement Comparison - Assignment Example Even though it does not show where the company intends to go it explains the planning in the company. Therefore, the vision statement in the two companies is directed towards making a profit to the shareholders and also satisfying their clients. (MacDonald, 1997) The vision statement is similar with the educational vision statement in that it shows a bigger picture on where the company intends to be. MacDonald (1997) they are also similar as both articulate the dream on where either the company or the institutions intends to be. For example, in Georgia intends to maximize the potential in students through creating a productive citizen that can contribute to positive development of the society. California University of Pennsylvania intends envisions being the top university in the entire America. In the company, vision statement can apply to different divisions; the educational vision statements also might be different from one faculty to another. But what is clear that the overall vision statement should be consistent. The example of the vision statement from both companies and two educational institutions act as a driving force to employees and the staff towards achieving the bigger picture in the or the fundamental laid objectives. (Clarke,